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Regions and Subgroups

 

Regions and subgroups refer to a family of theoretical concepts relating to the sociological concept of group. We discuss a set of techniques for detecting subgroups in networks.

 

Topics

  • Cliques, n-cliques, n-clans, n-clubs, k-plexes, lambda sets, ls-sets

  • Factions clustering, hierarchical clustering, Girvan-Newman clustering

Articles

  • Borgatti, S. P., Everett, M. G., & Shirey, P. 1990. LS sets, lambda sets and other cohesive subsets. Social Networks, 12: 337-357.  [pdf]

  • Borgatti, S.P. How to explain hierarchical clustering. [html]

Reference

  •  Wasserman and Faust. Chap. 7

  

Tutorials

Exercises

Handouts

Slides

 

Theory and Method

  • Cooley, Charles Horton. 1909. Social Organization. New York: Scribner.

  • Luce R and Perry A (1949). A method of matrix analysis of group structure. Psychometrika 14, 95-116

  • Freeman, L. C. 1972. "Segregation in Social Networks." Sociological Methods and Research 6:411-30

  • Alba, R. D. 1973. "A Graph-Theoretic Definition of a Sociometric Clique." Journal of Mathematical Sociology 3:113-26

  • Alba, Richard D., and Gwen Moore. 1978. "Elite Social Circles." Sociological Meth-
    ods and Research7:167-88.

  • Seidman S and Foster B (1978). A graph theoretic generalization of the clique concept. J or Math Soc, 6, 139-154.Everett, M. G. and Borgatti, S. P. 1998. Analyzing clique overlap. Connections, 21(1): 49-61.[html

  • Seidman S (1983). 'Network structure and minimum degree'. Social Networks, 5, 269-287.

  • Arabie, Phipps, and J. D. Carroll. 1989. "Conceptions of Overlap in Social Structure." Pp. 367-92 in Research Methods in Social Network Analysis, edited by L. C. Freeman, D. R. White, and A. K. Romney. Fairfax, Va.: George Mason University Press.

  • Borgatti, Stephen P., Martin G. Everett, and Paul R. Shirey, 1990. "LS Sets, Lambda
    Sets and Other Cohesive Subsets." Social Networks12:337-57.

  • Frank, K. A. 1995. "Identifying Cohesive Subgroups." Social Networks 17:27-56.

  • Frank. K. 1996. "Mapping Interactions Within and Between Cohesive Subgroups." Social Networks 18:93-119.

  • Fershtman, M. 1997. "Cohesive Group Detection in a Social Network by the Segregation Matrix Index." Social Networks 19:193-207.

 

 

 

Davis, Allison, Burleigh B. Gardner, and Mary R. Gardner. 1941. Deep South.
Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

 

 

Davis, James A. 1967. "Clustering and Structural Balance in Graphs." Human Rela-
tions20:181-87.

 

 

A Note on the Detection of Cliques in Valued Graphs
Patrick Doreian
Sociometry, Vol. 32, No. 2. (Jun., 1969), pp. 237-242.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-0431%28196906%2932%3A2%3C237%3AANOTDO%3E2.0.CO%3B2-A

 

 

Durkheim, Emile. (1893) 1933. Émile Durkheim on the Division of Labor in Society,
translated by George Simpson. New York: Macmillan.

 

 

The Focused Organization of Social Ties
Scott L. Feld
The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 86, No. 5. (Mar., 1981), pp. 1015-1035.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28198103%2986%3A5%3C1015%3ATFOOST%3E2.0.CO%3B2-M

 

 

Festinger, Leon. 1949. "The Analysis of Sociograms Using Matrix Algebra." Human
Relations10:153-58.

 

 

Freeman, Linton C., Sue C. Freeman, and Alaina G. Michaelson. 1988. "On Human
Social Intelligence." Journal of Social and Biological Structures11:415-25.

 

 

Freeman, Sue. 1987. "Verbal Response Data as Predictors of Social Structure." Ph.D.
dissertation. School of Social Sciences, University of California, Irvine.

 

 

The Strength of Weak Ties
Mark S. Granovetter
The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 78, No. 6. (May, 1973), pp. 1360-1380.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28197305%2978%3A6%3C1360%3ATSOWT%3E2.0.CO%3B2-E

 

 

Homans, George C. 1950. The Human Group. New York: Harcourt, Brace.

 

 

An Input-Output Approach to Clique Identification
Charles H. Hubbell
Sociometry, Vol. 28, No. 4. (Dec., 1965), pp. 377-399.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-0431%28196512%2928%3A4%3C377%3AAIATCI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Q

 

 

King, J. R., and V. Nakornchai. 1982. "Machine-Component Group Formation in
Group Technology: Review and Extension." International Journal of Production
Research20:117-33.

 

 

Lewin, Kurt. 1951. Field Theory in Social Science. New York: Harper.

 

 

Lévi-Strauss, Claude. 1963. Structural Anthropology. New York: Basic.

 

 

Lorrain, Francois P., and Harrison C. White. 1971. "Structural Equivalence of Indi-
viduals in Social Networks." Journal of Mathematical Sociology1:49-80.

 

 

Luce, R. Duncan. 1950. "Connectivity and Generalized Cliques in Sociometric Group
Structure." Psychometrika15:169-90.

 

 

Luce, R. Duncan, and Albert Perry. 1949. "A Method of Matrix Analysis of Group
Structure." Psychometrika14:95-116.

 

 

Measuring Tie Strength
Peter V. Marsden; Karen E. Campbell
Social Forces, Vol. 63, No. 2. (Dec., 1984), pp. 482-501.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0037-7732%28198412%2963%3A2%3C482%3AMTS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-Y

 

 

Marsden, Peter V., and Edward 0. Laumann. 1984. "Mathematical Ideas in Social
Structure Analysis." Journal of Mathematical Sociology10:271-94.

 

 

Mokken, Robert J. 1979. "Cliques, Clubs and Clans." Quantity and Quality
13: 161-73.

 

 

Olmstead, Michael S., and A. Paul Hare. 1978. The Small Group. New York: Random
House.

 

 

Hierarchical Clique Structures
Edmund R. Peay
Sociometry, Vol. 37, No. 1. (Mar., 1974), pp. 54-65.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0038-0431%28197403%2937%3A1%3C54%3AHCS%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8

 

 

—1976. "A Note Concerning the Connectivity of Social Networks." Journal
of Mathematical Sociology4:319-21.

 

 

Rapoport, Anatol. 1954. "Spread of Information through a Population with Socio-
structural Bias. III. Suggested Experimental Procedures." Bulletin of Mathematical
Biophysics16:75-81.

 

 

Romney, A. Kimball, and K. Faust. 1982. "Predicting the Structure of a Communica-
tions Network from Recalled Data." Social Networks4:285-304.

 

 

Seidman, Steven B. 1983a. "Internal Cohesion of LS Sets in Graphs." Social Net-
works5:97-107.

 

 

—1983b. "LS Sets and Cohesive Subsets of Graphs and Hypergraphs." Social
Networks5:92-96.

 

 

Seidman, S. B., and B. L. Foster. 1978. "A Graph-theoretic Generalization of the
Clique Concept." Journal of Mathematical Sociology6:139-54.

 

 

Shaw, Marvin E. 1981. Group Dynamics: The Psychology of Small Group Behavior.
New York: McGraw-Hill.

 

 

The Number of Members as Determining the Sociological Form of the Group. I
Georg Simmel
The American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 8, No. 1. (Jul., 1902), pp. 1-46.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0002-9602%28190207%298%3A1%3C1%3ATNOMAD%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O

 

Tönnies, Ferdinand. (1887) 1940. Fundamental Concepts in Sociology, translated by
Charles P. Loomis. East Lansing: Michigan State University Press.
 

Winship, Christopher. 1977. "A Distance Model for Sociometric Structure." Journal
of Mathematical Sociology5:21-39.

 

Yan, Xiaoyan. 1988. "On Fuzzy Cliques in Fuzzy Networks." Journal of Mathemati-
cal Sociology13:359-89.

 

Yee, Leung. 1980. "A Fuzzy Set Analysis of Sociometric Structure." Journal of
Mathematical Sociology7:159-80.

 

An Information Flow Model for Conflict and Fission in Small Groups
Wayne W. Zachary
Journal of Anthropological Research, Vol. 33, No. 4. (Winter, 1977), pp. 452-473.
JSTOR Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0091-7710%28197724%2933%3A4%3C452%3AAIFMFC%3E2.0.CO%3B2-G

 

Analyses of Group Concepts

  • Freeman, L.C. 1992. The Sociological Concept of `Group': An Empirical Test of Two Models.' American Journal of Sociology, 98, 1992, 55-79 

Processes

Applications

  • Mizruchi, M. S. 1992. The Structure of Corporate Political Action. Cambridge, MA and London, England: Harvard University Press
  • Baker, W. E. and R. R. Faulkner. 1993. "The Social Organization of Conspiracy: Illegal Networks in the Heavy Electrical Equipment Industry." American Sociological Review 58:837-60

 

 

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